5  Plankton_crustacea

5.1 Copepoda

Copepods are a very abundant class of crustacea within the planktonic organisms. For this reason they are separated from the other crustaceans. The classification of copepoda is based on the morphology especially on the size of the antennule, the chepalosome et urosme (Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1: External morphology of calanoid copepods: diagram of an adult female. A – ventral view; B – lateral view (Prusova, Smith, and Popova 2012).

The three orders differ in the following ways:

• Calanoids have antennules longer than the cephalosome and the urosome smaller than the prosome (@fig-calanoida).

Figure 5.2: Vignette of Calanoida

• Cyclopoida have antennules longer than the cephalosome and the urosome the same length as the prosome (Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3: Vignette of Cyclopoida.

• Harpacticoida have antennules smaller than cephalosome and an inconspicuous division between the urosome and prosome

Figure 5.4: Vignette of Harpacticoida (Distioculus minor).

5.1.1 Gymnoplea

5.1.1.1 Calanoida

5.1.1.1.1 Acartiidae

The Candaciidae have a rectangular head. the body is quite elongated (Figure 5.5). The end of the prosoma is not pointed like the centropagidae and candaciidae.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Acartiidae", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.5: Vignettes of Acartiidae

This group is similar to the Acartiidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.6).

Figure 5.6: Images of Acartiidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.2 Aetideidae

5.1.1.1.2.1 Euchirella

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

Euchirella is a genus of Aetideidae. This group is similar to the Euchirella group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.7).

Figure 5.7: Images of Euchirella (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.3 Augaptilidae

5.1.1.1.3.1 Haloptilus

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

Haloptilus is a genus of Augaptilidae. This group is similar to the Haloptilus group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.8).

Figure 5.8: Images of Haloptilus (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.4 Calanidae

The Calanidae have an oval head. The body is quite elongated (Figure 5.9). the antennules are much longer than the prosoma and urosoma.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Calanidae", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.9: Vignettes of Calanidae

This group is similar to the Calanidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.10).

Figure 5.10: Images of Calanidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.5 Calocalanus

5.1.1.1.5.1 Calocalanus_pavo

In progress

This section is not yet complete

5.1.1.1.6 Candaciidae

The Candaciidae have a rectangular head and marked shoulders (Figure 5.11). Some species have dense legs on the vignette.This group is quite similar to the Centropagidae.

Figure 5.11: Vignette of Candaciidae

This group is similar to the Candaciidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.12: Images of Candaciidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.7 Centropagidae

the Centropagidae have a rectangular head and marked shoulders (Figure 5.13). This group is quite similar to the Candacidae.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Centropagidae", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.13: Vignettes of Centropagidae

This group is similar to the Centropagidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.14).

Figure 5.14: Images of Centropagidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.8 Eucalanidae

These copepods are large. They have fairly large antennules. The urosome is short and can be distinguished from the prosome. The head is triangular and quite clear in the vignettes (Figure 5.15).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Eucalanidae", nx = 2, ny =2)

Figure 5.15: Vignettes of Eucalanidae

This group is similar to the Eucalanidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.16).

Figure 5.16: Images of Eucalanidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.9 Euchaetidae

In progress

This section is not yet complete

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

5.1.1.1.10 Pontellidae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

The Pontellidae have a triangular head with cephalic hook.

This group is similar to the Pontellidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.17).

Figure 5.17: Images of Pontellidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.11 Rhincalanidae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

The Rhincalanidae have a triangular rostrum. The rostrum can also be arrow-shaped

This group is similar to the Rhincalanidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.18).

Figure 5.18: Images of Rhincalanidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.1.1.12 Temoridae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

The Temoridae have a head larger than the thorax.

This group is similar to the Temoridae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.19).

Figure 5.19: Images of Temoridae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2 Podoplea

5.1.2.1 Cyclopoida

Unaccepted

The poecilostomatoida is often cited in the literature. However, this order was first reclassified as the suborder Cyclopoida. Later this suborder was reclassified into the suborder Ergasilida (Khodami et al. 2020).

5.1.2.1.1 Corycaeidae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

This small copepod is an ancient member of the Poecilostomatoidea. These organisms have a rectangular head with short antennae (Figure 5.20).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Corycaeidae", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.20: Vignettes of Corycaeidae

This group is similar to the Corycaeidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.21).

Figure 5.21: Images of Corycaeidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2.1.2 Oithonidae

Oithonidae is a good example of a cyclopoid with long antennules (much longer than the head) and a urosome of equivalent size to the prosome (Figure 5.28).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Oithonidae", nx = 4, ny =3)

Figure 5.22: Vignettes of Oithonidae

This group is similar to the Oithonidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.23).

Figure 5.23: Images of Oithonidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2.1.3 Oncaeidae

In progress

This section is not yet complete

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

These copepods are small. This group does not fit the general description of cyclopoida. The distinction between the prosoma and the urosoma is well marked. This group used to be a member of the Poecilostomatoidea. Females may have an egg sac attached to the genital segment.

Figure 5.24 shows several vignettes of Oncaeidae.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Oncaeidae")

Figure 5.24: Vignettes of the Oncaeidae

This group is similar to the Oithonidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.23).

Figure 5.25: Images of Oncaeidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2.1.4 Sapphirinidae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

5.1.2.1.5 Copilia

This small copepod is rather transparent with a rectangular head with a dark eye in the centre of the body (in the centre of the prosoma).

These organisim mau be a Copelia (currently being checked)

This group is similar to the Copilia group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.26).

Figure 5.26: Images of Copilia (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2.1.6 Sapphirinidae_other

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

The Sapphirinidae is a family of Ergasilida suborder (Figure 5.27).

Figure 5.27: Image (A, Hecq, Collignon, and Goffart (2014)) and vignette (B) of Sapphirinidae

Figure 5.28 shows several vignettes of Sapphirinidae.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Sapphirinidae_other", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.28: Vignettes of Sapphrinidae

This group is similar to the Sapphrinidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.29).

Figure 5.29: Images of Sapphrinidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.1.2.2 Harpacticoida

The order of Harpactidoida is composed of several families which have very different forms. The previous study by Dugauquier (2019) highlighted mainly the Euterpina

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Harpacticoida", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.30: Vignettes of Euterpina (Harpacticoida)

This group is similar to the harpacticoida group in ZooScanNet. This order is composed of several families such as Distioculus, Goniopsyllus (Figure 5.31) or Euterpina (Figure 5.32).

The Goniopsyllus family may remind one of the Sapphirina family. However, these organisms have a rostrum on the top of the head.

Figure 5.31: Images of Goniopsyllus (Elineau et al. 2018).

Figure 5.32 shows several Euterpina family.

Figure 5.32: Images of Euterpina (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2 Crustacea_other

This group includes all crustacea except the copepods.

5.2.1 Branchiopoda

5.2.1.1 Onychopoda

Onychopoda is an order of branchiopoda.

5.2.1.1.1 Evadne

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

Evadne have a conical and pointed shell. The compound eye is dark and the carapace is light on the vignette Figure 5.33 .

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Evadne", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.33: Vignettes of Evadne

This group is similar to the Evadne group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.34).

Figure 5.34: Images of Evadne (Elineau et al. 2018)

5.2.1.1.2 Podon

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

Podon are an Onychopoda as Evadne. The head of the Evadne is in the prolongation of the carapace whereas for the podon there is a break between the head and the carapace

This group is similar to the Podon group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.35).

Figure 5.35: Images of Podon (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.1.2 Ctenopoda

5.2.1.2.1 Penilia

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

Penilia has two well-marked antennae giving a V-shapean. A spine is very pronounced.

This group is similar to the Penilia group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.36).

Figure 5.36: Images of Penilia (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2 Malacostraca

5.2.2.1 Decapoda

5.2.2.1.1 Anomura_zoea

The eyes are dark with a well-developed telson and a clear cephalothorax (Figure 5.37).

vigns_porcellanidae <- fs::dir_ls(
  here::here("images/01plankton_crustacea/decapoda_larva/anomura_zoea_larva/"), 
  type = "file", glob = "*.png", recurse = TRUE)
plot_vignettes(vigns_porcellanidae , nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.37: Vignettes of Anomura

This group includes the zoea__Galatheidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.38).

Figure 5.38: Images of the zoea of Galatheidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

Porcellanidae belongs to the anomura (Figure 5.39). They have a very long rostrum, a clear cephalothorax with two needles. In the previous study, the anomura included only this group.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Anomura_zoea", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.39: Vignettes of Porcellanidae (Anomura)

5.2.2.1.2 Brachyura_zoea

Brachyura are the true crabs with a short abdoman hidden under the cephalothorax (Ruppert, Fox, and Barnes 2004). They are a long rostrum and a long dorsal spine (Figure 5.33).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Brachyura_zoea", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.40: Vignettes of Brachyura

This group is similar to the Brachyura group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.41).

Figure 5.41: Images of the zoea of Brachyura (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.1.3 Decapoda_other_zoea

In progress

This section is not yet complete

5.2.2.1.4 Decapoda_megalopa

The cephalothorax is well developed while the abdomen is reduced (Figure 5.42).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Decapoda_megalopa", nx = 4, ny =3)

Figure 5.42: Vignettes of the megalopa of Decapoda

This group is similar to the Megalopa group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.43).

Figure 5.43: Images of Megalopa (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.1.5 Luciferidae

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

This group is similar to the Luciferidae group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.44).

Figure 5.44: Images of Luciferidae (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.2 Euphausiacea

One of the well-known species of this order is the krill.

5.2.2.2.1 Euphausiacea_calyptopsis

Calyptopsis is one of the development stages of the euphausiacea. Calyptopis have an almost right angle between the carapace and the telson. The carapace is clear. The carapace is wider than the telson (Figure 5.45).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Euphausiacea_calyptopsis")

Figure 5.45: Vignettes of the calyptopsis of Euphasiacea

This group is similar to the Calyptopsis group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.46).

Figure 5.46: Images of Calyptopsis (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.3 Malacostraca_other

5.2.2.4 Amphipoda

5.2.2.4.1 Senticaudata

In progress

This section is not yet complete

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

The Suborder of Senitcaudata includes the gammaridae. The head and the peraeon are continuous. The eyes are small.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Senticaudata", nx = 2, ny =2)

Figure 5.47: Vignettes of Senticaudata

This group is similar to the Gammaridea group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.48).

Figure 5.48: Images of Gammaridea (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.4.2 Hyperiidea

The hyperiidea are not a very present group. There are few images in the ZooScanNet (Elineau et al. 2018). We find in the vignettes of Phronimidae, Platyscelidae or Oxycephalidae (Figure 5.49).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Hyperiidae", nx = 3, ny =2)

Figure 5.49: Vignettes of Hyperiidae

This group is similar to the Hyperiidea group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.50).

Figure 5.50: Images of Hyperiidea (Elineau et al. 2018).

5.2.2.5 Isopoda

In progress

This section is not yet complete

Very few organisms were found in previous studies (Dugauquier 2019). The main characteristics are … (Figure 5.51).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "Isopoda", nx = 3, ny =2)

Figure 5.51: Vignettes of Isopoda

5.2.2.6 Stomatopoda

The Stomatopoda are known mainly because they contain the mantis shrimps, predators of fish, molluscs and other crustaceans (Ruppert, Fox, and Barnes 2004). Very few organisms were found in previous studies (Dugauquier 2019).These organisms are easily identifiable.

5.2.2.6.1 Stomatopoda_antizoea

Antizoea have a long rostrum and two long spines . The eyes are darker on the vignette (Figure 5.52). These organisms look like darts.

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "antizoea", nx = 3, ny =3)

Figure 5.52: Vignettes of the antizoea of Stomatopoda

5.2.2.6.2 Stomatopoda_pseudozoea

The pseudozoa larva looks like a mantis (Figure 5.53).

plot_vignettes(vigns, group = "pseudozoea", nx = 3, ny =2)

Figure 5.53: Vignettes of the antizoea of Stomatopoda

5.2.3 Ostracoda

New group

In previous studies (and associated training sets), this group was not studied.

This group is similar to the Ostracoda group in ZooScanNet (Figure 5.54).

Figure 5.54: Images of Ostracoda (Elineau et al. 2018).

Dugauquier, Rémy. 2019. “Classification Supervisée Du Mésozooplancton de Calvi : Mise Au Point de Méthodes d’étude Des Classes Rares d’un Set d’apprentissage Et Mise En Contexte Environnemental.” PhD thesis, Mons, Belgique.

Elineau, Amanda, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Jalabert, Marion Olivier, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Manoela Costa Brandao, Fabien Lombard, et al. 2018. “ZooScanNet: Plankton Images Captured with the ZooScan.” https://doi.org/10.17882/55741.

Hecq, Jean-Henri, Amandine Collignon, and Anne Goffart. 2014. “Atlas du zooplancton des eaux côtières corses, version du 04/06/2014. Travail de synthèse réalisé à la demande de l’agende de l’eau RMC.” https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/168629.

Khodami, Sahar, J. Vaun McArthur, Leocadio Blanco-Bercial, and Pedro Martinez Arbizu. 2020. “Retraction Note: Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda).” Scientific Reports 10 (1): 17602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74404-2.

Prusova, Irina, Sharon L. Smith, and Elena Popova. 2012. Calanoid copepods of the Arabian Sea region. Muscat, Oman: Sultan Qaboos University, Academic Publication Board.

Ruppert, Edward E., Richard S. Fox, and Robert D. Barnes. 2004. Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.